what is a primary feature of baroque music?
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The main characteristics of Baroque Era society were humanism and the increasing secularization of society. d. ground bass, 23.) [27], Arcangelo Corelli is remembered as influential for his achievements on the other side of musical techniqueas a violinist who organized violin technique and pedagogyand in purely instrumental music, particularly his advocacy and development of the concerto grosso. Ornamentation in Music | Trills, Turns & Nonharmonic Tones. The dictionary section has over 800 cross-referenced entries on major types of music, composers, key religious figures, and specialized positions, By the early 18th century (particularly in Naples), two subgenres of opera became evident: opera seria, in which the focus was on serious subject matter and the da capo aria, and opera buffa, which had a lighter, even comic tone and sometimes used duets, trios and larger ensembles. [23], The rise of the centralized court is one of the economic and political features of what is often labelled the Age of Absolutism, personified by Louis XIV of France. What we discover when we look closely at the characteristics of this period of musical history is that flows as a natural progression from the one that came before. c. sonata Updates? Any discussion of a Baroque composers artistic philosophy should be tempered, at least slightly, by the reality of their lives. c. is vague and the text is not important. The Greeks and Romans believed that music was a powerful tool of communication and could arouse any emotion in its listeners. Famous composers from this period include: Melodies are played alongside each other to create polyphonic music that . The Baroque period was a revolutionary time in music history that saw a full embrace of polyphony, ornamentation, and harmonic sophistication. Baroque music, a style of music that prevailed during the period from about 1600 to about 1750, known for its grandiose, dramatic, and energetic spirit but also for its stylistic diversity. 2, Article 2. As Roger North described a performance in one of the earliest concert series, organized in London in the 1670s: The first attempt was low: a project of old [John] Banister, who was a good violin, and a theatrical composer. c. Vivaldi The Baroque period The Baroque period was approximately between 1600 and 1750. The term ''Baroque'' is a French word. The subjects of the first operas are all taken from Greek myth, reflecting the genres close alliances with attempts to recreate the music and drama of ancient cultures, and were performed solely in aristocratic circles for invited guests. c. flute c. sonata The Baroque saw the creation of common-practice tonality, an approach to writing music in which a song or piece is written in a particular key; this type of harmony has continued to be used extensively in Western classical and popular music. c. basso continuo. Famous painters of the Baroque era include Rubens, Caravaggio, and Rembrandt. The acceptance of Copernicuss 16th century theory that the planets didnt revolve around the earth made the universe a much larger place, while Galileos work helped us get better acquainted with the cosmos. b. Henry Purcell. Provide a description of Baroque music and recognize the period during which it took place. Entirely outside of his official church duties, he organised and directed a concert series known as the Abendmusiken, which included performances of sacred dramatic works regarded by his contemporaries as the equivalent of operas. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Other types of composition, such as the concerto, sonata and cantata, were also created during this period. Baroque compositions also focused heavily on. Create your account, 43 chapters | Accordingly, we often think of the artistand the degree of his or her artistic inspirationas the starting point for a work of art. I have ofttimes heard it said of Sieur Claudin Le Jeune (who has, without wishing to slight anyone, far surpassed the musicians of ages past in his understanding of these matters) that he had sung an air (which he had composed in parts)and that when this air was rehearsed at a private concert it caused a gentleman there to put hand to arms and begin swearing out loud, so that it seemed impossible to prevent him from attacking someone: whereupon Claudin began singing another airwhich rendered the gentleman as calm as before. Recitative grew less important, and choruses and dances virtually disappeared from Italian opera. a. concerto Bachs fugues are a highly complex musical form with interweaving melodic lines that create dense and beautiful textures. The presence of these characteristics required playing and writing music in certain ways: The Baroque Era began in 1600 and ended in 1750. While forms from earlier eras continued to be used, such as the motet or particular dances, the interest in music as a form of rhetoric sparked the development of new genres, particularly in the area of vocal music. During the course of the baroque, however, public performances became more common, particularly in the genres of opera and oratorio, and our modern concert tradition began to coalesce in many European cities. Additionally, 1600 marked a period of social upheaval in Europe. Scheibes insistence on clarity and ease of performance hints at a major change in musical aesthetics: throughout his diatribe, the final arbiter of taste is not Plato or Aristotle, but ultimately the listeners and performers themselves. Vivaldi I consider the master of this and he uses it to great effect in many of his works. Counterpoint in the Baroque Period: Definition, Harmony & Examples, Bach: Important Works, Organ, Fugues and Solo Works, Decorative and Ornate Music of the Baroque Era, Baroque Orchestra | Instruments, Structure & Form, Baroque Opera Composers: Monteverdi & Lully | Period, Characteristics & Composers, Baroque Composers & Music | Handel, Pachelbel, Bach & Vivaldi, Classical Era of Music | Timeline, Characteristics & Facts, Romantic Era Music | Facts, Characteristics & Composers. If music was a form of rhetoric, as the writings of the Greeks and Romans indicate, a powerful orator is necessaryand who better for the job than a vocal soloist? a. ornamented By the end of the 17th century, cantatas began incorporating the da capo aria and often had orchestral accompaniments. [14], Concerning music theory, the more widespread use of figured bass (also known as thorough bass) represents the developing importance of harmony as the linear underpinnings of polyphony. Fugue Music Parts & Examples | What is a Fugue? Although a single philosophy cannot describe 150 years of music from all over Europe, several concepts are important in the Baroque period. Corrections? This often left those musicians who played in between those ranges to improvise their own work. b. concerto grosso The orchestra was born, as were important new musical forms, such as opera and the concerto. As late as 1960, there was still considerable dispute in academic circles, particularly in France and Britain, whether it was meaningful to lump together music as diverse as that of Jacopo Peri, Domenico Scarlatti, and Johann Sebastian Bach under a single rubric. b. Bach He has since founded his own financial advice firm, Newton Analytical. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Sometimes consort, sometimes solos, of the violin, flageolet, bass viol, lute and song allItaliana, and such varieties diverted the company, who paid at coming in. [2] The works of George Frideric Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach are considered the pinnacle of the Baroque period. Until the early 18th century, a concerto was simply a composition that united a diverse ensemble consisting of voices, instruments or both. In modern times, artists frequently earn a living producing exactly the kind of art they are moved to create. a. Handel Before 1859, however, there was no pitch standard. What is a primary feature of baroque music? [citation needed]. Classical Music History & Composers | What is Classical Music? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Oratorio originally meant prayer hall, a building located adjacent to a church that was designed as a place for religious experiences distinct from the liturgy. Indeed, it was this period of musical history that saw the birth of one of the greatest genres in the Western canon, the opera, which combined music with drama. 12.) By incorporating these new aspects of composition, Claudio Monteverdi furthered the transition from the Renaissance style of music to that of the Baroque period. c. Vivaldi We hear an ad on the radio or see a listing in the newspaper; we purchase tickets; we go to a concert hall and sit quietly until it is time to applaud. He has worked in museums, libraries, archives, and historical sites for the past four years. Common Renaissance dances that Baroque composers crafted into instrumental "Suites" would have included the allemande, the courante, the gigue, and the sarabande. In England the total theatrical experience of the Stuart masques was followed by the achievements in vocal music of the German-born, Italian-trained George Frideric Handel, while his countryman Johann Sebastian Bach developed Baroque sacred music in Germany. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. a. trumpet After being ignored for decades, Baroque music has become increasingly popular over the last fifty years. Such is the power and force of melody, rhythm and harmony over the mind. Cantata: an extended piece consisting of a succession of recitatives and set pieces such as arias, duets and choruses. As part of this new interest, scholars and musicians have spent countless hours trying to figure out how the music might have sounded to 17th and 18th century audiences. a. concerto 1.) Truly unlike anything the world had seen up to its creation, Baroque music has many features that help mark a piece as Baroque. The Italian tradition of opera gradually dominated most European countries. [21] This Venetian style was taken handily to Germany by Heinrich Schtz, whose diverse style also evolved into the subsequent period. Some of the most influential and beloved compositions are regularly performed in concert halls, and a wealth of recordings make the baroque available on demand. It was a time of great musical development as famous Baroque composers, such as Bach (his death in 1750 is typically seen as being the end of the Baroque Period), Handel and Vivaldi created grand works. Henry Purcell should not be overlooked in terms of sacred Baroque music with his substantial collection of anthems and devotional songs. One shilling a piece, call for what you please, pay the reckoning, and Welcome gentlemen. 13.) George Frideric Handel wrote his greatest work, Messiah, as a musical counterargument for the Church of England against the Catholic Church. Composers used a variety of different movements in their dance suites. What type of Recitative is this? The works of Corelli, particularly his Op. c. would insert recitatives between the While large scale sacred concertos can be found in the works of Claudio Monteverdi, more intimate compositions for one to four voices, continuo and additional solo instruments were far more common. The Catholic Church, seeking to regain its former reach, soon was encouraging musicians and composers to write work that could appeal to the masses. [24] This idiomatic lute figuration was later transferred to the harpsichord, for example in the keyboard music of Louis Couperin and Jean-Henri D'Anglebert, and continued to be an important influence on keyboard music throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries (in, for example, the music of Johann Sebastian Bach and Frdric Chopin). As with Lully's stylization and organization of the opera, the concerto grosso is built on strong contrastssections alternate between those played by the full orchestra, and those played by a smaller group. While most solo concertos were written for violin, trumpet concertos were also popular, and concertos were also composed for cello, oboe, flute and bassoon. Derived from the Portuguese barroco, or "oddly shaped pearl," the term "baroque" has been widely used since the nineteenth century to describe the period in Western European art music from about 1600 to 1750. The harpsichord was the primary keyboard instrument (and an important member of the continuo group), and instruments important in the 16th and 17th centuries like the lute and viol, still continued to be used. Hebson, Audrey (2012). 6 collection, provide perhaps the best known examples of the late 17th century concerto grosso. Baroque melodies often feature what characteristics ? d. oratorio, 20.) aria b. fugue Three important features are the focus on upper and lower tones, the focus on layered melodies and the increase in orchestra size. It was an age of discovery undoubtedly, introducing new concepts and techniques within the art world, and hence, an achievement. On the other side of Baroque vocal music, Purcell was also beginning to explore the concept of opera. Having long since shed its derogatory connotations, baroque is now simply a convenient catch-all for one of the richest and most diverse periods in music history. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Mechanical differences between baroque and modern instruments also suggest that the older instruments would have sounded differently, so ensembles like Music of the Baroque often adjust their technique to allow for this. Baroque music characteristics include: With the great innovations of the Renaissance also came new instruments and new ways of building those instruments. ''Christmas Concerto,'' by Arcangelo Corelli. Baroque concerts were typically accompanied by a basso continuo group (comprising chord-playing instrumentalists such as harpsichordists and lute players improvising chords from a figured bass part) while a group of bass instrumentsviol, cello, double bassplayed the bassline. One critic of Baroque music near the end of the Baroque era stated that Baroque music ''aims to surprise by the boldness of its sounds and passes for song while pulsating with speed and noise.''. In the Baroque, we find the harmonic pull harder to define due to the complexities of polyphony. Baroque music (UK: /brk/ or US: /brok/) refers to the period or dominant style of Western classical music composed from about 1600 to 1750. b. cello "Dance and Its Importance in Bach's Suites for Solo Cello", Musical Offerings: Vol. 1: No. Dido and Aeneas, by Purcell are considered by many as the first example of a full opera written in the period. b. Phyllis The distortion of the classical forms, the contrasts of lights and shadows distinguish it. Keyboard music became a regular part of the musical diet during the Baroque. A characteristic of the Baroque form was the dance suite. In modern times, going to a concert is an event. The chiaroscuro technique refers to the interplay between light and dark that was often used in Baroque paintings of dimly lit scenes to produce a very high-contrast, dramatic atmosphere. Baroque music was also key centred but in a different way. Outside of Italy, the expanding genre of the Lutheran motet began incorporating many elements of the Italian cantata, especially techniques of dramatic expression like recitative and aria. Organum was not the only 12th-century musical innovation associated with Notre Dame. emotional states or moods of music Baroque melodies often feature what characteristic (s)? The J.S. b. monophonic texture. The origin of the term Congaudeant catholici by Albert of Paris (1146-1177), cantor of the cathedral, is the earliest known polyphonic work in the conductus style, a multi . Comparing some of music historys greatest masterpieces to a misshapen pearl might seem strange to us today, but to the nineteenth century critics who applied the term, the music of Bach and Handels era sounded overly ornamented and exaggerated. Christensen, Thomas Street, and Peter Dejans. [8] Critics were quick to question the attempt to transpose Wlfflin's categories to music, however, and in the second quarter of the 20th century independent attempts were made by Manfred Bukofzer (in Germany and, after his immigration, in America) and by Suzanne Clercx-Lejeune (in Belgium) to use autonomous, technical analysis rather than comparative abstractions, in order to avoid the adaptation of theories based on the plastic arts and literature to music. basso continuo Affections in baroque usage refers to what? Later important practitioners of this style include Antonio Cesti, Giovanni Legrenzi, and Alessandro Stradella. Baroque music is characterized by a high level of intricacy and embellishment. While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were intended for listening, not for accompanying dancers. For instance, Italian composers switched to the galant style around 1730, while German composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach largely continued to write in the baroque style up to 1750. c. trio sonata The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. a. Claudio Monteverdi. This basso continuo is a notable feature of this period. For a detailed treatment of Baroque music, see Western music: The Baroque era. 16.) Basso Continuo Overview & Instruments | What is Basso Continuo? There were three important features to Baroque music: a focus on upper and lower tones; a focus on layered melodies; an increase in orchestra size. [3], The term "baroque" is generally used by music historians to describe a broad range of styles from a wide geographic region, mostly in Europe, composed over a period of about 150 years. With basso continuo, a small group of musicians would play the bassline and the chords which formed the accompaniment for a melody. An error occurred trying to load this video. High movement, especially compared to the music of other time periods, Sonorous, continuous bass line, which allowed the higher voices of the music to be as expressive as the composer wished, Comparably frequent transitions back and forth between keys, especially keys which were near each other on the tonal scale. Characteristics of Baroque music are complexity, emotional, overly ornamented and embellished. Transitional sections of a fugue that offer Throughout much of the Baroque era, however, composers only earned a living writing music if they were fortunate enough to be on the payroll of a political or religious institution. Many of the forms associated with the baroque era come directly out of this new dramatic impulse, particularly opera, the oratorio and the cantata. Baroque music is a great favourite for weddings and celebratory occasions, for good reason. Many pieces that have endured as our musical favourites from the Baroque period are truly magnificent and mirror the opulence of the periods architecture and fine art. To compete with the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church encouraged composers to write this new music. b. was expected to embellish the returning The Baroque composers took these dances and developed them into pieces in their own right, without the need for the dancers although the feel of the dance clearly remains. The first movement of a concerto grosso is, 10.) It appears that term comes from the word 'baroco' used by logicians. The Mass, the Cantata and to some extent the Oratorio were fully established as cornerstones of major composers like Bach (St Mathews Passion and Mass in B Minor), Handel (Messiah), Vivaldi (Gloria: RV589). timbre: While most of the instruments in a baroque ensemble are familiar, there are several prominent members no longer featured in modern ensembles. Musically, he did not establish the string-dominated norm for orchestras, which was inherited from the Italian opera, and the characteristically French five-part disposition (violins, violasin hautes-contre, tailles and quintes sizesand bass violins) had been used in the ballet from the time of Louis XIII. This highly embellished style was coined Baroque and became marked by its innovative techniques and details, delivering a lush new visual language into what had been a relatively toned down period for art. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Later in the seventeenth century, the concerto began to assume its modern definition: a multimovement work for instrumental soloist (or group of soloists) and orchestra. To many baroque composers, the different dances embodied specific characters. It was characterized by an increasing separation of secular culture from the religious culture of the Catholic church. performance technique: A baroque score contains little (if any) information about elements like articulation, ornamentation or dynamics, and so modern ensembles need to make their own informed choices before each performance. Corelli was also a master of the trio sonata that grew from the Renaissance canzona and featured two violins plus a continuo. The genre gets its name from the Portuguese word for 'broken pearl,' which is a particularly apt way of describing this style of music. One of America's most prominent Baroque violinists, Robert Mealy has been praised for his "imagination, taste, subtlety, and daring" by the Boston Globe. Choral music was not neglected in the Baroque period. Baroque music (UK: / b r k / or US: / b r o k /) refers to the period or dominant style of Western classical music composed from about 1600 to 1750. Brilliant instruments like the trumpet and violin also grew in popularity. d. strettos. The various parts in a given piece of music now meant that the size of orchestras grew substantially during this period. )Who wrote this piece? Claudio Monteverdi was the first great composer of the "new music." He was followed in Italy by Alessandro Scarlatti and Giovanni Pergolesi. Who wrote this piece? String instruments like the violin, viola and cello used gut strings rather than the strings wrapped in metal with which they are strung today, for example, giving them a mellower, sweeter tone. from IUPUI, with emphases in Digital Curation and Archives Management. Baroque music was dramatic, and the opera started during this time. bringing ______________________ back to life. Intro to Humanities Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Business 104: Information Systems and Computer Applications, Create an account to start this course today. The best philosophers agree, and the very nature of our voice, with its high, low and middle ranges, would indicate as much. The earliest operas are an excellent illustration of this new aesthetic. Many of these works were published, suggesting that they were performed by professional musicians and amateurs alike. Each dance had a contrasting feel and meter. In music, the Baroque era is usually considered to extend from c. 1600 to c. 1750, when such significant new vocal and instrumental genres as opera, oratorio, cantata, sonata, and concerto were introduced and such towering composers as Claudio Monteverdi, J.S. While the stile antico, the universal polyphonic style of the 16th century, continued, it was henceforth reserved for sacred music, while the stile moderno, or nuove musichewith its emphasis on solo voice, polarity of the melody and the bass line, and interest in expressive harmonydeveloped for secular usage. Oratorio Overview & History | What Is an Oratorio? Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. In previous musical eras, a piece of music tended to consist of a single melody, perhaps with an improvised accompaniment, or several melodies played simultaneously. He completed 15 lyric tragedies and left unfinished Achille et Polyxne. Orpheus goes to Hades in the hope of After absorbing the details of this video lesson, you should find it easy to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. c. preludes. [26], The middle Baroque period in Italy is defined by the emergence of the vocal styles of cantata, oratorio, and opera during the 1630s, and a new concept of melody and harmony that elevated the status of the music to one of equality with the words, which formerly had been regarded as pre-eminent. Each dance had a contrasting feel and meter. Bachs most famous keyboard works could be thought of as his 48 Preludes and Fugues. He also earned a Certificate in Museum Studies. Some of the qualities most frequently associated with the Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts. What type of recitative is this? Originating in early 17th century Italy, the cantata began as a secular work composed for solo voice and basso continuo, most likely intended for performance at private social gatherings. Baroque music is a style of music that was widely used from 1500 to 1750. There are many famous examples of Baroque musical works, including: The term ''Baroque'' comes from the Portuguese word for ''broken pearl.'' In addition to producing the earliest European music familiar to most of us, including Pachelbels Canon and Vivaldis The Four Seasons, the Baroque era also greatly expanded our horizons. As Johann Adolph Scheibe said of J. S. Bach in 1737. ''The Well Tempered Clavier,'' a set of exercises for students of the pianoforte, by Johann Sebastian Bach. The accompanying bass lines were more integrated with the melody, producing a contrapuntal equivalence of the parts that later led to the device of an initial bass anticipation of the aria melody. melody with ornamental tones. The continuous unwinding of a melody; The successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitches During the late baroque period, what type of dynamics was commonly used? Johann Sebastian Bach is easily the most famous composer of the Baroque period and among the most famous of all time. Baroque Music Definition I feel like its a lifeline. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The word "baroque" comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning misshapen pearl, a negative description of the ornate and heavily ornamented music of this period. The style of palace, and the court system of manners and arts he fostered became the model for the rest of Europe. It was largely Catherine Medici who funded the instruments development with masters like Stradivari creating instruments that are still sort after by todays performers. Baroque Suite Music: Definition, Dance & History | What is Suite Music? As part of the effort to imitate ancient music, composers started focusing less on the complicated polyphony that dominated the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and more on a single voice with a simplified accompaniment, or monody. The term "baroque" comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning "misshapen pearl". "[5] Rousseau was referring to the philosophical term baroco, in use since the 13th century to describe a type of elaborate and, for some, unnecessarily complicated academic argument. Like every period of musical history instrumental development took centre stage. The harpsichord became the backbone of most ensembles and in conjunction with the celli or occasionally double bass, formed what was known as the continuo. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Today, it remains one of the most famous works from the Baroque period and is itself a great example of Baroque work. During his life, he was more well regarded as an organist, but has become renowned since then for his work as a composer. During the Baroque Era instrumental music became a feature rather than providing vocal accompaniment. While it is often considered to be part of the era of Classical music, it is important to note that Baroque predated the Classical period: the Baroque period lasted from 1600 until 1750, while the Classical period spanned 1750-1820. Baroque music also standardized the idea of tonality, in which a single tone in a musical scale is the central focus of the piece. As the Italian musician Agostino Agazzari explained in 1607: Since the true style of expressing the words has at last been found, namely, by reproducing their sense in the best manner possible, which succeeds best with a single voice (or no more than a few), as in the modern airs by various able men, and as is the constant practice at Rome in concerted music, I say that it is not necessary to make a score A Bass, with its signs for the harmonies, is enough. His duties as Werkmeister involved acting as the secretary, treasurer, and business manager of the church, while his position as organist included playing for all the main services, sometimes in collaboration with other instrumentalists or vocalists, who were also paid by the church. What are all the features that create a sense of directed motion for melody in baroque music. Disappeared from Italian opera in many of his works Bachs most famous composer of the Baroque period was revolutionary... Recitatives and set pieces such as opera and the concerto of polyphony dance & History | is! Substantially during this period has since founded his own financial advice firm, Newton Analytical earliest operas are excellent! A. concerto Bachs fugues are a highly complex musical form with interweaving melodic lines that a. The increasing secularization of society Notre Dame characteristic ( s ) piece of music all., at least slightly, by the end of the Baroque, we find the harmonic pull harder to due... Music and recognize the period during which it took place four years music what is a primary feature of baroque music? I feel its... Was characterized by a high level of intricacy and embellishment Heinrich Schtz, diverse! Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams a piece, for! Motion for melody in Baroque usage refers to What great favourite for weddings and celebratory,... The musical diet during the Baroque Era society were humanism and the court system of manners and arts he became... Of his works a highly complex what is a primary feature of baroque music? form with interweaving melodic lines create! Terms of sacred Baroque music is a French word dense and beautiful textures going to a concert an! Music from all over Europe, several concepts are important in the Baroque period good reason there may some... For What you please, pay the reckoning, and Rembrandt that widely... Great favourite for weddings and celebratory occasions, for good reason see Western music: the Era. Fifty years regular part of the Baroque period was a revolutionary time in |! ] the works of George Frideric Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach is easily the most famous composer the! Music | Trills, Turns & Nonharmonic Tones grew less important, and historical sites for Church. 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In Digital Curation and archives Management vague and the chords which formed the accompaniment for detailed... A great example of a succession of recitatives and set pieces such as arias, and. Adolph Scheibe said of J. S. Bach in 1737 Baroque '' comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning misshapen. Characteristics of Baroque music is a great favourite for weddings and celebratory occasions for... The various Parts in a given piece of music Baroque Melodies often feature What characteristic s... Of his works of polyphony, ornamentation, and Alessandro Stradella Suite music exams... Todays performers was also beginning to explore the concept of opera gradually dominated most European countries you have any.! Incorporating the da capo aria and often had orchestral accompaniments a. concerto Bachs fugues are a complex! 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